{"id":227,"date":"2026-03-05T14:44:07","date_gmt":"2026-03-05T12:44:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/anatomy.bg\/?page_id=227"},"modified":"2026-03-05T16:53:24","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T14:53:24","slug":"education-history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/anatomy.bg\/en\/about\/education-history\/","title":{"rendered":"History of Anatomy Education in Bulgaria"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"227\" class=\"elementor elementor-227\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-193226a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"193226a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e5f180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-vcex_breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"3e5f180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"vcex_breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"vcex-breadcrumbs vcex-breadcrumbs--links-inherit-color\"><span class=\"trail-begin\"><a href=\"https:\/\/anatomy.bg\/en\/\" rel=\"home\"><span>Home<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/nav>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a45710c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a45710c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">History of Anatomy Education in Bulgaria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f27f3b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f27f3b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col c_4_6\"><div class=\"box-container\"><p>On November 10, 1917, by Decree No. 21 of Tsar Ferdinand, the law establishing the Faculty of Medicine at Sofia University was enacted. The bill was introduced by the Minister of Education, Petar Peshev.<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The Department of Anatomy in Sofia<\/strong> began its work in June 1918, and a year later, the Department of Histology and Embryology also began its work.<\/p><p>In 1950, the Faculty of Medicine separated from Sofia University (SU) and became an independent Medical Academy, which was renamed the Higher Medical Institute (HMI) Sofia in 1954. In 1972, the HMI became part of the new Medical Academy (MA), a consolidated entity encompassing all medical higher education institutions in Bulgaria.<\/p><p>The development of anatomy education in Bulgaria began with a blend of Russian, French, and German influences, leading to the synthesis of the best elements from all three schools and the establishment of the Department of Anatomy in Sofia.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05c902e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"05c902e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Russian influence during the \"Little Russia\" period on the yellow cobblestones<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b898e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6b898e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col c_4_6\"><div class=\"box-container\"><p>On November 10, 1917, by Decree No. 21 of Tsar Ferdinand, the law establishing the Faculty of Medicine at Sofia University was enacted. The bill was introduced by the Minister of Education, Petar Peshev.<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The Department of Anatomy in Sofia<\/strong> began its work in June 1918, and a year later, the Department of Histology and Embryology also began its work.<\/p><p>In 1950, the Faculty of Medicine separated from Sofia University (SU) and became an independent Medical Academy, which was renamed the Higher Medical Institute (HMI) Sofia in 1954. In 1972, the HMI became part of the new Medical Academy (MA), a consolidated entity encompassing all medical higher education institutions in Bulgaria.<\/p><p>The development of anatomy education in Bulgaria began with a blend of Russian, French, and German influences, leading to the synthesis of the best elements from all three schools and the establishment of the Department of Anatomy in Sofia.<\/p><h2>Russian influence during the \"Little Russia\" period on the yellow cobblestones<\/h2><p>Following Bulgaria\u2019s liberation from Ottoman rule, a large number of Russian specialists were recruited when the Faculty of Medicine at Sofia University was founded. These were subjects of the Russian Empire, ravaged by revolutions and the Civil War, who arrived on the waves of the White emigration to the Balkans, to Bulgaria, and to its capital\u2014a European and small city that had only just begun to emerge from the captivity of its Oriental timelessness. Some of them were emigrants from Belarus who did not agree with the communist regime in Russia. This was a period marked by the rise of the capital city, as well as by the harrowing drama provoked by the \u201cAllied\u201d bombings. Former university rectors, generals, medical luminaries, writers, artists, journalists, ballerinas, jazz musicians, ordinary soldiers, Cossacks, housewives, teachers, nurses, carpenters, peasants, and aristocrats\u2014they populate the capital, infusing it with new vibrancy and making it even more European, thanks to the invisible bonds that unite the \u00e9migr\u00e9 diaspora. Traces of this Russian presence remain in the pages of interwar Bulgarian history, in the history of the establishment of a number of Bulgarian administrative, academic, cultural, and medical institutions.<\/p><p>The founder of the Department of Anatomy was the Russian anatomist Prof. Vladimir Petrovich Vorobiev (1876\u20131937). He studied and worked at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University\u2014the oldest institution of higher education in Ukraine. Vorobiev was appointed head of the Department of Anatomy for that period and organized and led it until September 1921. During this time, the Russian anatomist gave lectures, published a textbook, and established the department\u2019s anatomical museum. Under the difficult postwar conditions, over the course of a year and a half (March 1920\u2013September 1921), Vorobiev managed to establish the Department of Anatomy and prepare his successor in teaching, Dr. Milko Balan. At the same time, on March 20, 1920, a second Russian morphologist\u2014Alexander Feodorovich Mankovsky (1868\u20131946)\u2014was elected professor of histology and embryology at the department.<\/p><p>Prof. Vorobiev\u2019s greatest achievement in the field of morphological science was the preservation and embalming of human tissues, which retained their natural color despite exposure to the environment, atmospheric pressure, and light. Although pressed by circumstances, it was he who managed to briefly preserve and embalm the body of Vladimir Ulyanov\u2014Lenin\u2014in 1924.<br \/>\u00a0<br \/>With the help of Vladimir Vorobyov, in March 1924 Zbarsky began the gruesome procedures on Lenin\u2019s body. About 20 incisions were made, holes were drilled into the skull (the brain and eyes had already been removed along with most other internal organs), and the leader was placed in a tub of formaldehyde for several weeks to kill microbes and bacteria and prevent further decay.<\/p><p>Zbarsky and Vorobyov then placed Lenin in a tub of alcohol to improve the color of his skin and conceal the postmortem spots that had appeared. However, by that point, two full months had already passed since Lenin\u2019s death.<\/p><p>Finally, the scientists used a glycerin solution to soften the skin of the corpse. It was important for the body to relax after being stiffened so that Lenin\u2019s posture could be adjusted. No one in Russia had ever done anything like this before, so Zbarsky and Vorobyov worked largely \u201cin the dark,\u201d risking everything, especially incurring Stalin\u2019s wrath if they failed. They succeeded, however.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef968f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ef968f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Influence of the French School <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56e6cf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56e6cf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With the Treaty of San Stefano (March 3, 1878), the Bulgarian state was reborn. A year later, diplomatic relations were officially established between France and Bulgaria: Eug\u00e8ne Scheffer presented his credentials to Prince Alexander Battenberg and became France\u2019s diplomatic agent and consul general in Bulgaria. France\u2014whose currency was used in the Principality until the introduction of the lev (1880)\u2014played a significant role in the establishment of the modern Bulgarian state. French universities became the preferred destination for the formation of the Bulgarian political, cultural, and economic elite. In the years that followed, the influence of French medicine\u2014and anatomy in particular\u2014grew, as a large number of members of the Bulgarian intelligentsia (including doctors) received their higher education in France. As a result of the deepening of Franco-Bulgarian relations, the 54th Congress of the \u201cAssociation des Anatomistes\u201d was held very successfully in Sofia from March 30 to April 3, 1969. For Bulgarian anatomists, this event marked an important step toward gaining experience in organizing and hosting major international congresses.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0bbc05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e0bbc05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Influence of the German School <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e30a2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e30a2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col c_4_6\"><div class=\"box-container\"><p>On November 10, 1917, by Decree No. 21 of Tsar Ferdinand, the law establishing the Faculty of Medicine at Sofia University was enacted. The bill was introduced by the Minister of Education, Petar Peshev.<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>The Department of Anatomy in Sofia<\/strong> began its work in June 1918, and a year later, the Department of Histology and Embryology also began its work.<\/p><p>In 1950, the Faculty of Medicine separated from Sofia University (SU) and became an independent Medical Academy, which was renamed the Higher Medical Institute (HMI) Sofia in 1954. In 1972, the HMI became part of the new Medical Academy (MA), a consolidated entity encompassing all medical higher education institutions in Bulgaria.<\/p><p>The development of anatomy education in Bulgaria began with a blend of Russian, French, and German influences, leading to the synthesis of the best elements from all three schools and the establishment of the Department of Anatomy in Sofia.<\/p><h2>Russian influence during the \"Little Russia\" period on the yellow cobblestones<\/h2><p>Following Bulgaria\u2019s liberation from Ottoman rule, a large number of Russian specialists were recruited when the Faculty of Medicine at Sofia University was founded. These were subjects of the Russian Empire, ravaged by revolutions and the Civil War, who arrived on the waves of the White emigration to the Balkans, to Bulgaria, and to its capital\u2014a European and small city that had only just begun to emerge from the captivity of its Oriental timelessness. Some of them were emigrants from Belarus who did not agree with the communist regime in Russia. This was a period marked by the rise of the capital city, as well as by the harrowing drama provoked by the \u201cAllied\u201d bombings. Former university rectors, generals, medical luminaries, writers, artists, journalists, ballerinas, jazz musicians, ordinary soldiers, Cossacks, housewives, teachers, nurses, carpenters, peasants, and aristocrats\u2014they populate the capital, infusing it with new vibrancy and making it even more European, thanks to the invisible bonds that unite the \u00e9migr\u00e9 diaspora. Traces of this Russian presence remain in the pages of interwar Bulgarian history, in the history of the establishment of a number of Bulgarian administrative, academic, cultural, and medical institutions.<\/p><p>The founder of the Department of Anatomy was the Russian anatomist Prof. Vladimir Petrovich Vorobiev (1876\u20131937). He studied and worked at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University\u2014the oldest institution of higher education in Ukraine. Vorobiev was appointed head of the Department of Anatomy for that period and organized and led it until September 1921. During this time, the Russian anatomist gave lectures, published a textbook, and established the department\u2019s anatomical museum. Under the difficult postwar conditions, over the course of a year and a half (March 1920\u2013September 1921), Vorobiev managed to establish the Department of Anatomy and prepare his successor in teaching, Dr. Milko Balan. At the same time, on March 20, 1920, a second Russian morphologist\u2014Alexander Feodorovich Mankovsky (1868\u20131946)\u2014was elected professor of histology and embryology at the department.<\/p><p>Prof. Vorobiev\u2019s greatest achievement in the field of morphological science was the preservation and embalming of human tissues, which retained their natural color despite exposure to the environment, atmospheric pressure, and light. Although pressed by circumstances, it was he who managed to briefly preserve and embalm the body of Vladimir Ulyanov\u2014Lenin\u2014in 1924.<br \/>\u00a0<br \/>With the help of Vladimir Vorobyov, in March 1924 Zbarsky began the gruesome procedures on Lenin\u2019s body. About 20 incisions were made, holes were drilled into the skull (the brain and eyes had already been removed along with most other internal organs), and the leader was placed in a tub of formaldehyde for several weeks to kill microbes and bacteria and prevent further decay.<\/p><p>Zbarsky and Vorobyov then placed Lenin in a tub of alcohol to improve the color of his skin and conceal the postmortem spots that had appeared. However, by that point, two full months had already passed since Lenin\u2019s death.<\/p><p>Finally, the scientists used a glycerin solution to soften the skin of the corpse. It was important for the body to relax after being stiffened so that Lenin\u2019s posture could be adjusted. No one in Russia had ever done anything like this before, so Zbarsky and Vorobyov worked largely \u201cin the dark,\u201d risking everything, especially incurring Stalin\u2019s wrath if they failed. They succeeded, however.<\/p><h2>The Influence of the French School\u00a0<\/h2><p>\u0421 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u043d \u0421\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043d\u043e (3 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442 1878) \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430. \u0413\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u043a\u044a\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0419\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0428\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u0440\u044a\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044a\u0440 \u0411\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0433 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0447\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u043d\u044f\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 (1880), \u0438\u0437\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430. \u0424\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u044a\u0449\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043c\u044f\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442. \u00a0\u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f (\u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438) \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u041a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u044a\u043b\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\/\u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 30. \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u0434\u043e 3. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b 1969 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430 54-\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u201eAssociation des Anatomistes\u201c. \u0417\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0438.\u00a0<\/p><h2>The Influence of the German School\u00a0<\/h2><p>After World War I (1914\u20131918), a new generation of doctors emerged who had received their higher education at various universities in German-speaking countries. This contributed to the spread of German cultural and medical influence in Bulgaria. \u00a0<\/p><p>The first assistant professor in the newly established Department of Anatomy and Histology in 1919 was Dr. Milko Balan (1888\u20131951). Prof. Dr. Milko Alexandrov Balan was born on December 4, 1888, in Sofia, into the family of the prominent Bulgarian linguist and first rector of Sofia University, Academician Alexander Balan. He graduated in medicine in Vienna, after which he served as a military doctor during the Balkan Wars and World War I. From 1924 to 1926, he specialized in anatomy in Vienna as a Rockefeller Fellow. In 1930, he was appointed as an adjunct associate professor, in 1945 as a full associate professor, and in 1950 as an extraordinary professor at the Department of Human Anatomy within the Faculty of Medicine at Sofia University. Prof. Dr. M. Balan was one of the founders of the Section of Anthropology and Human Anatomy at the Institute of Morphology of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. He was the first researcher in the field of paleoanthropology in Bulgaria and the teacher of all paleoanthropologists in the country. Prof. Dr. Milko Balan died on October 7, 1973, in Sofia.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ad2c02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9ad2c02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Unity brings strength, faith, and hope<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26fe96c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26fe96c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In practice, these influences from foreign schools blended together and laid the foundations for the development of Bulgarian anatomy. After Prof. Vorobiev\u2019s retirement, between 1921 and 1923, the Department of Anatomy was temporarily headed by Bulgarian Associate Professor Mihail Tsvetkov Minev (1874\u20131949). Mihail Minev was born on November 26, 1874, in the city of Lovech. He studied at the Aprilov High School (Gabrovo) and completed his secondary education in Sofia. From 1894 to 1897, he was a student of natural sciences at Sofia University.<\/p><p>He graduated and worked for several years as a high school teacher. From 1902 to 1908, he was a medical student at the University of Nancy (France). He graduated as a physician with a doctoral degree in medicine. His doctoral thesis was titled \u201cMorphological Studies of the Floor of the Fourth Ventricle.\u201d<\/p><p>On November 1, 1923, the Russian anatomist Prof. Ilya Feodorovich Shapshal was elected head of the Department. He was born in 1878 in Saint Petersburg; he was a professor of anatomy in Odessa and an adjunct professor of anatomy at the University of Belgrade. He is the author of the first Bulgarian textbook on human anatomy. Prof. Shapshal headed the department until November 1933. In 1934, he returned to clinical practice and began working as a doctor in the village of Razhdavitsa, Kyustendil Province, and later as a doctor in private practice in Sofia.<br \/><br \/>From 1933 to 1935, the department was headed by Associate Professor Mihail Minev.<\/p><p>In 1935, the departments of anatomy and histology and embryology merged, and Prof. A. I. Hadjiolov headed the combined department until 1945, when the departments were separated again. Prof. Hadjiolov specialized in Paris and Lyon, and upon his return to Bulgaria in 1934, at the age of just 31, Hadjiolov was already a professor in the Department. During this period, Hadjiolov recruited young people as his assistants and collaborators, who went on to become prominent scholars\u2014Acad. G. Uzunov, Prof. Kr. Balabanov, Prof. Br. Papazov, and others.<\/p><p>In 1939, Associate Professor Dimitar Dimitrov Kadanov took over the teaching of anatomy, and in 1945 he became a full professor and head of the Department of Anatomy. He was born on April 12, 1900, in Shumen, studied medicine in Prague, and graduated in W\u00fcrzburg, Germany.<\/p><p>From 1925 to 1933, he served as a prosector (senior assistant) at the Institute of Anatomy of the W\u00fcrzburg Medical Faculty. Kadanov was appointed full associate professor of histology and embryology at the Medical Faculty of Sofia University, but due to his obligations as a prosector in W\u00fcrzburg, he was unable to take up the position. After his dismissal in Germany (due to his anti-fascist beliefs and status as a foreigner), he returned to Sofia, where he worked for three years as a resident at Sofia First State Hospital and for two years as a lecturer in anatomy at the Midwifery School and the Academy of Arts. Having mastered to perfection the silver impregnation methods for visualizing nerve fibers and receptors, he studied the sensory innervation of a number of organs. Kadanov\u2019s election as associate professor in 1939 came after three unsuccessful competitions, based on the indisputable achievements of his scientific works. The reason for this was \u201cthe competitive participation of Dr. J. Drexel, who, as the leader of the German Nazi colony in Bulgaria, was supported by professors at our medical faculty, who were conduits of German influence in our country\u201d (D. Kadanov: On the History of Sofia University \u201cKliment Ohridski\u201d; in Memories of SU, 1982). In 1942, D. Kadanov was elected as an adjunct professor and in 1945 as a full professor and director of the Department of Anatomy in Sofia, a position he held until his retirement in 1965. The faculty members began active scientific work, and a large number of papers were published in the field of morphology. The reason for this is \u201cthe active involvement of Dr. J. Drexel, who, as the leader of the German Nazi colony in Bulgaria, was supported by professors at our medical faculty, who served as conduits for German influence in our country\u201d (D. Kadanov: On the History of Sofia University \u201cKliment Ohridski\u201d; in Memories of SU, 1982). In 1942, D. Kadanov was elected as an adjunct professor and in 1945 as a full professor and director of the Department of Anatomy in Sofia, a position he held until his retirement in 1965. The faculty members began active scientific work, and a large number of papers were published in the fields of receptor morphology, branching patterns and types of blood vessels, bilateral symmetry, anthropological characteristics of Bulgarians, and muscular transformation. Prof. Kadanov was a bearer of the rich traditions of the German school of anatomy. He conducted active scientific research and was one of the most distinguished scholars in the establishment of the Bulgarian school of anatomy. He was widely respected in scientific circles and lectured at many European universities.<\/p><p>Following Prof. Kadanov\u2019s retirement, Prof. Dr. Georgi Petrov Galabov took over as head of the Department of Anatomy, a position he held until 1982.<\/p><p>He was born on November 7, 1918, in the village of Yavorovo, Asenovgrad District. His classmates included the distinguished Bulgarian writer Nikolay Haytov and the renowned cartoonist Boris Dimovski, with whom he remained friends until his death.<\/p><p>He graduated from medical school in Sofia in 1943. Beginning in 1944, he served successively as an assistant professor, associate professor, and professor in the Department of Anatomy. He served as Deputy Minister of Health from 1951 to 1959. From 1959 to 1966, he was Scientific Secretary of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and founder of the Central Laboratory for Regeneration at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, where he remained director until the end of his life. Prof. Galabov\u2019s colleagues undertook long-term training abroad, which gave a major boost to the development of anatomy in Bulgaria. Medical schools were gradually established in other major cities\u2014Varna, Plovdiv, Pleven, and Stara Zagora. Many of the scientists who began their careers as demonstrators or assistants in anatomy went on to become prominent scholars and brilliant physicians in a variety of clinical disciplines.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430 10 \u041d\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0432\u0440\u0438 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u211621 \u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0430\u0440 \u0424\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044a\u0442 \u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044a\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u041f\u0435\u0442\u044a\u0440 \u041f\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0432. \u041a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043c. \u042e\u043d\u0438 1918 \u0433., \u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u043a\u044a\u0441\u043d\u043e&hellip;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":47,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-227","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry","no-media"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/anatomy.bg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/227","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/anatomy.bg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/anatomy.bg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/anatomy.bg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/anatomy.bg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=227"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/anatomy.bg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/227\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":280,"href":"https:\/\/anatomy.bg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/227\/revisions\/280"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/anatomy.bg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/anatomy.bg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=227"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}